Equitable Distribution Of Income Research Articles

Impact of health investment on household income distribution: insights from China’s longitudinal survey data

This paper investigates the impact of health investment on household income distribution, drawing from data spanning over 10 years from the China Nutrition and Health Survey. The study aims to contribute to the literature by examining the nuanced pathways through which health investment influences income distribution. Utilizing a rich dataset, rigorous empirical methods including quantile regression and cross-sectional data modeling are employed to explore the relationship between health investment and income distribution. The analysis reveals a robust positive association between health investment and both absolute and relative income levels across various demographic and occupational groups. Additionally, the study elucidates the pathways through which health investment influences income, including its effects on illness duration, employment opportunities, effective working time, and educational attainment. The findings demonstrate the dynamic nature of the relationship, indicating that as income levels rise, the impact of health investment on income becomes more pronounced. Moreover, the analysis highlights the role of health investment in facilitating upward income mobility, particularly for low-income households. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, suggesting that strategic health investment initiatives can contribute to achieving more equitable income distribution.

Income Inequality and Economic Growth

This research investigates the relationship between income inequality, income distribution, poverty rates, and economic growth. The analysis results indicate that the independent variables, including the Gini Coefficient, Percentage of Income Received by Specific Groups, and Relative Poverty Rate, significantly influence economic growth. High levels of income inequality, uneven income distribution among societal groups, and high poverty rates all contribute to the slowdown of economic growth. Therefore, policies aimed at reducing income inequality, improving equitable income distribution, and decreasing relative poverty rates can help stimulate more inclusive and sustainable economic growth.

Integrating Latin America into the Global Economy: Strategies for Regional Economic Development

The 1990s marked a transformative era for Latin American economies, characterized by significant political and institutional reforms aimed at increasing trade and financial openness. The economic development model adopted during this period emphasized market-led growth through liberalization measures, significantly reducing the state's role in the economy. However, by the decade's end, the anticipated economic and social benefits had not materialized in many countries, prompting a reevaluation of development policies. This paper revisits the theoretical frameworks proposed by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), grounded in Keynesian economics and a historical-structural methodology. ECLAC's analysis focused on the implications of deregulation and the liberalization of economic and financial policies, advocating for a regional development strategy that balances economic growth with equitable income distribution, employment opportunities, technological advancement, and social fairness. By analyzing Latin America's integration into the global economy in the 1990s, this study explores ECLAC's theoretical perspectives as viable alternatives to the reforms implemented during that period. Employing a bibliographic and reflective analytical approach, the paper underscores ECLAC's contributions to understanding the socioeconomic challenges and opportunities facing the region.

The Fabric of Transition: Unraveling the Weave of Labor Dynamics, Economic Structures, and Innovation on Income Disparities in Central and Eastern Europe Nations

In recent years, the issue of income inequality has ascended to the forefront of national and international agendas, underscored by the urgency to navigate the complexities of market-driven economies without exacerbating social disparities. These challenges are particularly pronounced in the post-communist nations of Central and Eastern Europe, where the transition legacy and the marketization forces present unique dynamics in the evolution of income disparities. This research investigates the intricate mechanisms through which marketization impacts income inequality within the Central and Eastern European countries context, aiming to uncover how economic transformations influenced by global sustainability goals can contribute to narrowing the income gap. By employing panel data estimation techniques and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) analysis, this study highlights the enduring nature of income disparities and the critical roles played by economic growth, education investment, labor market reforms, globalization, and governance quality in shaping equitable income distributions. Findings reveal that, despite the competitive nature of market economies potentially creating disparities, strategic policy interventions in education, economic policy, and labor market regulations can mitigate the adverse effects of marketization on income inequality. Additionally, this research emphasizes the importance of strong institutional frameworks and the nuanced role of the informal economy in influencing income distribution dynamics.

Renewable energy, inequality and environmental degradation

The connection between income inequality and environmental degradation remains a topic of persistent debate, marked by inconsistencies in both theoretical and empirical studies. This study offers a novel contribution to this discourse by investigating the simultaneous influences of renewable energy and income inequality on environmental degradation. Utilizing data from 158 nations from 2000 to 2017, our research reveals a crucial moderating role of renewable energy in the nexus between income inequality and environmental degradation. The study's key finding is that the impact of income inequality on environmental degradation is contingent on the level of renewable energy development. In scenarios with limited renewable energy, income equality leads to increased environmental degradation. However, when renewable energy is more developed, income equality contributes to reducing environmental degradation. This novel insight suggests that renewable energy development can mitigate the trade-off between pursuing income equality and environmental sustainability, thereby enabling their simultaneous achievement. The research also highlights that a more equitable income distribution enhances the environmental benefits of renewable energy. Further analysis demonstrates the significant role played by household consumption behavior and social norms in shaping this phenomenon. By adding these new dimensions to the existing literature, the study significantly enriches the understanding of the complex interplay among economic factors, renewable energy, and environmental sustainability.

Comparative study of government expenditure on social protection in the Visegrád Group and Benelux

Socio-economic policies aim to promote equitable income distribution, with social protection playing a crucial role. Balancing equality and efficiency in redistribution poses a challenge for policy-makers. The welfare state-market compatibility dilemma and its impact on incentives are primary concerns. This study evaluates government expenditures on social protection in Benelux and Visegrád Group (V4) countries from 1995 to 2021. Trends in expenditure share indicate varying fiscal policy behaviors: Visegrád Group countries show convergence in expenditure share, while Benelux countries exhibit divergence. The structure of social protection spending also differs, with old age being a dominant category. These findings provide insights into welfare systems and can guide policy decisions in European regions.

Fintech dividend: How would digital financial services impact income inequality across countries?

Discrimination and marginalization in the financial services provided by traditional intermediaries are often cited as one of the main causes of persistent income inequality across socioeconomic groups in many countries. Whether Fintech eliminates such prejudice and exclusion and promotes equitable income distribution is unclear. This paper examines the impact of Fintech digital financial services on income inequality. Using a two-step generalized methods-of-moments (GMM) estimator, we analyze unbalanced panel data from 65 countries spanning the years 2013–2019. Drawing on the most recent data available on the actual transaction volumes of Fintech digital financial services, we generate evidence at the level of specific service segments. We find that Fintech digital lending and digital capital-raising services are significantly and negatively associated with income inequality. Furthermore, our results from mechanism analysis suggest that Fintech mainly impacts income inequality by improving the accessibility and efficiency of financial services. Overall, our findings imply that promoting Fintech is critical to improving financial inclusion and alleviating income disparity.

Analysis of Inequality in Lampung Province (2014–2021): Sectoral and Regional Approaches

Lampung as one of the provinces in Indonesia that cannot be separated from the problem of inequality in economic and regional development. From the Gini ration data of Lampung Province, both urban and rural, there was a decrease where the gini ration in 2020 was 0.320, then in 2021 it was 0.314,  while in 2022 it was 0.313, from the gini ration data in the last 3 years there was a significant decrease. Lampung which consists of 13 districts and 2 cities has problems in development, namely: problems of economic growth, regional inequality, and inequality of income distribution. The aspect of equitable distribution of territory and income is very important to achieve because equitable distribution of development results is one of the strategies and goals of national development in Indonesia. Development inequality between regions, where on the one hand there are regions that are rapidly advancing and developing, but on the other hand there are also areas that are relatively lagging in terms of development. Thus, this study aims to analyze the level of inequality between regions and clustering districts / cities in Lampung Province in 2014-2021. The data used in this study are secondary data with a research period of 2014-2021. The models used are Williamson Index analysis and Klassen Typology analysis. Based on the results of the study, it shows that the level of regional inequality between districts/cities in Lampung Province in 2014-2021 is still relatively low but tends to decrease every year, where the inequality is caused by the positive contribution of South Lampung Regency, Central Lampung Regency, Tulang Bawang Regency, Mesuji Regency, and Bandar Lampung City.

A Study on Innovation, Technology and Sustainability of MSME's

"SMEs are recognized as vital drivers of economic growth, fostering equitable development, and offering innovative solutions for sustainability. They play a pivotal role in creating employment opportunities, supporting industrialization in underdeveloped rural areas, and contributing to the equitable distribution of national income and wealth. However, surviving in the evolving global market demands not only enhanced productivity but also sustained growth through continuous innovation. Business sustainability necessitates self-assessment to identify areas for improvement, capitalize on strengths, and generate ideas for future organizational development. In India, SMEs, while crucial to the economy, often encounter challenges that lead to closures or unsustainable operations. Numerous studies highlight factors such as poor management, lack of innovative approaches, and short-termism as contributors to these difficulties. Therefore, the primary objective of this paper is to explore approaches that foster a better understanding of sustainable models, enhancing innovation and ensuring the longevity of SMEs."

THE IMPACT OF FINANCIAL INCLUSION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN UGANDA: A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED DISTRICTS IN CENTRAL UGANDA

The study was conducted to establish the impact of financial inclusion on economic growth in Uganda basing on selected districtsfrom Central Uganda which was the main objective. The other objectives of the study included; to establish a relationship between financial access and income inequality and to examine the role of quality financial services in poverty reduction in Uganda. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted,both quantitative and qualitativeapproaches were used in data collection and analysis. The study used purposive samplingtechniques to select a total of 194 respondents. Findings revealed that there is growing financial inclusion in Uganda and it has had an impact on economic growth, access to affordable financial services has promoted equitable distribution of income and growth benefits andquality financial services has led to poverty reduction in Uganda.The study recommends that more efforts should be geared towards expanding the coverage of financial services especially in the rural areas in order to shield the households from being exposed to income inequality and poverty. For financial services to reach scale, distribution networks have to be built in rural areas where there is a critical mass of customers needed for financial inclusion.

Corporate social responsibility in relation to the economic dimension of socio-economic policy

ObjectivesCorporate social responsibility is a concept that allows organizing economic life both at the level of the organization and at the level of the state taking into account the broader interests of the social environment of a contemporary enterprise and stimulating inclusive growth in the quality of economic relations. Entrepreneurs are aware that they are expected not only to generate profits, but also to fairly shape relations with the entire socio-economic environment. CSR can be defined as a concept through which companies voluntarily take into account social and environmental interests at the stage of strategy building, as well as relations with various stakeholder groups. Being responsible does not just mean meeting all formal and legal requirements, but in addition to increased investment in human resources, environmental protection and stakeholder relations.Material and methodsThe purpose of the article is to theoretically analyze the role and importance of corporate social responsibility in the process of creating an inclusive and integrative role for economics and business in the economy. The article shows that neo-liberal concepts focusing on profit maximization at all costs and the "invisible" hand of the market have significantly devalued.ResultsIt is therefore possible to identify specific benefits of implementing corporate social responsibility principles. In the area of economic benefits, social environment and environmental.ConclusionsSocial responsibility benefits not only the company itself and its direct beneficiaries, but also the economy and the environment. Responsible selling allows to build loyalty and trust of employees, and consequently supports sustainable economic development based on social participation and equitable distribution of national income.

Toplulukları Güçlendirmek: Bangladeş’te Covid-19 Sonrası Zekat Dağıtımını Yeniden Tanımlamak

Poverty persists as a global challenge, particularly in economically underdeveloped Islamic countries. Despite government efforts to address income inequality and reduce poverty, these issues continue to afflict societies. To effectively confront this pressing problem, it is imperative to scrutinize the impact of Zakat, a crucial institution in Islam, and its potential contribution to alleviating these challenges. Zakat, one of Islam's five pillars, plays a pivotal role as a guiding economic force and a form of worship. It serves as a means of social assistance and solidarity, fostering stronger bonds between the donor and the recipient. Zakat cultivates feelings of love, compassion, and mercy while also mitigating jealousy, envy, and hostility. Furthermore, it operates as a mechanism for income redistribution in societies marked by unequal wealth distribution. This long-standing practice is rooted in the belief that wealth is a trust from Allah and underscores the importance of sharing it with those in need. Zakat has the potential to address a range of economic issues, from supporting the marriages of impoverished individuals to tackling unemployment. It remains significant as an expression of social responsibility and a means to promote justice and compassion, ultimately creating a more equitable income distribution. The objectives of Zakat are multifaceted, encompassing goals such as poverty alleviation, wealth redistribution, strengthened social bonds, wealth purification, meeting basic needs, and empowering vulnerable individuals. However, in Muslim-majority countries such as Bangladesh, the impact of zakat distribution is often inadequate due to a lack of self-discipline and understanding among Muslims. Additionally, the economic recession triggered by COVID-19 has exacerbated poverty in Bangladesh, with adverse effects on employment and a significant increase in poverty rates among low-income workers. Fair and Shariah-compliant zakat distribution remains underutilized in these regions, including South Asian countries within the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. The ease of collective cash or clothing distribution in zakat practices has led to inaccurate assessments of the genuinely needy. This traditional approach has also drawn criticism for its deviation from Islamic principles. This study examines changing perceptions and practices of zakat distribution in Bangladesh, focusing on promoting effective and equitable distribution methods. These methods may include income-generating expenditures, vocational training, microfinance initiatives, and targeted cash transfers. By adhering to Zakat's authentic principles and purposes, Bangladesh can leverage its potential to alleviate poverty and foster a compassionate society per Islamic teachings. Emphasizing the importance of Zakat and applying it fairly can drive significant progress in poverty reduction and social development in Islamic countries like Bangladesh. This study seeks to explore innovative approaches to zakat distribution that align with contemporary economic challenges and societal dynamics, ultimately contributing to a more equitable and prosperous future for the people of Bangladesh. As a result, poverty remains an ongoing problem in Islamic countries, and Zakat is a powerful tool to overcome this problem. By revising and improving the zakat distribution practices in Bangladesh, where the principles of Islamic economics guide efforts to reduce poverty and increase social welfare, work can be done toward building a more just and compassionate society.

Pengembangan Strategi Pengendalian Bahan Baku pada UMKM Dupa Ajeg Bali

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are one of the revenue development priorities in every country. This is caused by the large contribution of MSMEs in each country, especially in the economic sector. In addition, MSMEs play a role in advancing the country's economy and employment as well as equitable distribution of community income. One of them is the community service program at MSMEs which aims to apply the knowledge gained during lectures and distributed in the world of work. This community service took place at the Dupa Ajeg Bali MSME, which is located in Sambangan village. Seeing the lack of understanding of employees towards the recording of raw material inventories, the impact on the production process is hampered. The service team used site surveys and interviews to find out the problems faced during the running of the business. Based on the problems faced by the service team, it provides solutions in the form of making records of raw material inventories so that later the bookkeeping of raw materials is more focused in taking and using raw materials.

Suku Bunga Dalam Perpespektif Ekonomi Islam

This writing describes the Bank's interest-critical analysis problems. From the discussion, it is understood that the interest in terms of conventional economics is the remuneration given by the bank based on the conventional principle to customers who purchase or sell products. In the classical view, the conventional economic Nakar interest rates and savings related to each other, therefore the interest rate is the most important factor, which regulates the volume of savings. The higher the interest rate, increasingly also reward saving. Thus, the higher the propensity to save or otherwise, therefore it can be understood that in the interest of conventional banks is the spirit in promoting economic income Han banking business. In view of the interest of Islamic economics is additional (ziada) and in this context, Islam considers that interest is riba therefore unlawful bank interest and it can no longer be denied because it is in accordance with what is in the Qur'an and Sunnah about Riba is synonymous with the concept of interest. Bank interest in relation to Islamic economics can impede the economic and equitable distribution of income and can even lead to financial crisis / financial. Thus the interest-free Islamic banking system actually provides assurance or certainty in the economy interact. Because Islamic banks can ensure avoiding of brutality and economic injustice.

THE EFFECT OF ISLAMIC FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ON INCOME INEQUALITY: DOES ISLAMIC FINANCE KUZNETS CURVE VALID IN THE OIC COUNTRIES?

Income inequality is evident in all countries regardless of the level of development or income status. Islamic financial system has Shariah-compliant financial instruments that, when properly utilized, can facilitate equitable income distribution in the OIC member countries. This study examines the effect of Islamic financial development and human development on income inequality in the OIC. The study also analyzes the validity of the Islamic finance Kuznets curve hypothesis. We employ FMOLS and DOLS estimators with data from 20 OIC member countries covering the period from 2012 to 2022. The results show that Islamic financial development and human development promote equitable income distribution. The findings also confirm the validity of the Islamic finance Kuznets curve hypothesis.  Thus, to reduce the income gap in the OIC, Islamic financial institutions should expand further via for examples innovation in Shariah-compliant Islamic financial products and services. In addition, policymakers should prioritize policies and programs that can promote Islamic financing and improve human development in the OIC member countries.  

SOCIALIZATION OF SELLING PRICES FOR HEALTHY FOOD PRODUCTS USING FULL COSTING METHOD IN MERUYA UTARA DISTRICT, WEST JAKARTA

Micro, small and medium enterprises are recognized as very strategic and important, not only for economic growth but also for equitable distribution of income. MSMEs also experience limited human resources. Most MSMEs have low education with minimal technical skills, entrepreneurial and management competencies. Through training in determining the cost of production, selling prices are expected to provide provisions for strengthening competitiveness in product sales. This article aims to describe the total costs incurred to produce a product to determine the selling price. The results of this activity are direct practice in calculating the cost of production which affects the selling price to MSMEs in the North Meruya Village area, West Jakarta.

Impact of natural resources on income equality in Gulf Cooperation Council: Evidence from machine learning approach

The resource rich countries in Gulf witness an acute income inequality among various segment of population. Therefore, this study is an attempt to examine effect of oil and gas resources on aggregate and disaggregated income inequality in 6 GCC countries such as Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and UAE from 1980 to 2020. The estimated result of aggregate analysis reveals that the rent from oil and gas resources are major source of acute income inequality in GCC countries. While the disaggregate analysis shows that the increase in oil and gas rent increase income of top 1 and 10 percent, whereas reduces income share of 40 and bottom 50 percent significantly. The findings thus validated the prevalence of Dutch diseases phenomena and urges GCC countries to diversify resource wealth for development of other sectors to enhance equitable income distribution.

Institutional Quality, Corruption, and Income Inequality - A Panel Study of Selected SAARC Economies

Previous studies have primarily focused on issues related to income inequality, aiming to identify the underlying causes and urging swift action to mitigate such disparities. In this context, the current article expands upon existing literature by introducing the influence of corruption and institutional quality. This study contributes to the existing knowledge by investigating the interplay between institutional quality, corruption, and income inequality within SAARC countries spanning 2000 to 2021, sourced from World Governance Indicators, Transparency International, Global Consumption and Income Project, and World Development Indicators. After analysed the properties of data, FMOLS analytical approach employed. The empirical analysis validates the enduring effects of the examined factors on income inequality over the long term. The findings indicate that institutional quality exerts a notable and favorable influence in reducing income inequality. Conversely, corruption, the combined impact of corruption and institutional quality substantially and adversely affect income inequality. Addressing the imperative of ensuring an equitable income distribution across the SAARC economies necessitates implementing comprehensive strategies to foster enduring institutional quality and effectively manage corruption. Study’s conceptual and empirical advancements carry significant implications for policy formulation within this region. They offer valuable insights for the region’s endeavors to ameliorate income inequality. This study underscores the importance of measures to enhance institutional quality and combat corruption within SAARC countries. Such measures should be strategically designed to tackle income distribution challenges and promote greater equity.

Strategies to promote sustainable community tourism development in Casas Viejas Commune, Manabí, Ecuador

This study investigates strategies to promote sustainable development of community-based tourism in Comuna Casas Viejas. Community-based tourism aims to enhance local quality of life through participation and equitable income distribution. However, the community has faced economic challenges due to deteriorating tourism infrastructure. This article proposes strategies to address these issues. The influence of key stakeholders such as local institutions, governments, and organizations was analyzed. Additionally, benefits in economic, environmental, and socio-cultural domains were examined. Citizen participation was deemed essential for decision-making and community integration. To revitalize tourism, infrastructure restoration and sustainable waste management and conservation practices are suggested. Collaboration with governmental and non-governmental organizations is paramount to ensure long-term success. It is concluded that the effective implementation of these strategies can contribute to economic recovery, environmental conservation, and the strengthening of local cultural identity. Collaboration among the community, institutions, and external actors is crucial to achieving sustainable community-based tourism in Comuna Casas Viejas. This study offers a holistic approach to addressing community-based tourism challenges and can serve as a guide for other communities interested in developing sustainable and beneficial tourism practices for all stakeholders involved.

PUBLIC EXPENDITURE IN MIZORAM: GROWTH AND TREND

Public expenditure has grown both relatively and absolutely in all the states of the Indian Union. The developmental process in any society had then to be conditioned by priorities policy set by the state. Accordingly the level and direction of public expenditure allocations were to be design for their maximum beneficial impact on economic and social sectors in order that income growth and the performance on social indices reinforced each other. The significance of public expenditure as an instrument of promoting the socio-economic development of a country is well accepted by the development economists in modern times all over the world, particularly in the developing countries which shelters roughly two-thirds of the world’s poverty ridden people. In a socialistic and welfare characterized state, governments directly intervene in achieving an efficient allocation of resources, in achieving an equitable distribution of income and finally in maintaining economic stability in the economy. The growing concern over the necessity of improving the future well-being of the people is of paramount importance, and therefore, has impelled the governments of the developing countries including India to overcome the problems of mass poverty, unemployment, social and economic backwardness etc. KEYWORDS: Public Expenditure, Capital, Revenue, Development, GSDP